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Cavitati speoturistice
Defileul Dunarii - Romania
1. Pestera de la Padina Matei
1. nume/sinonime: -
2. grad de dificultate: mediu
3. speleometrie: Lungime = 94 m, Denivelare = + 4 m
4. localizare: situata la marginea localitatii Padina Matei. Qalt. 580 m.
5. acces: in localitatea Padina Matei se ajunge pe drumul nou pornind din orasul Moldova Noua. Pestera este situata la capatul unei strazi laterale, in partea stanga a drumului (cu venim dinspre Moldova Noua). Accesul pana in apropierea pesterii se poate face cu masina.
6. istorie: intrarea pesterii este cunoscuta de locuitorii localitatii Padina Matei, deoarece ei au captat raul subteran al pesterii pentru alimentarea cu apa.
7. descriere: Pestera mijlocie, de 94 m lungime, cu un caracter descendent (in sensul curgerii apei) si activa (dar cu unele galerii fosile), fiind dezvoltata in principal pe un sistem de diaclaze. Intrarea in pestera are o inaltime de 2,4 m si duce direct spre galeria activa, cu o inaltime in unele zone de pana la 7 m. Cursul subteran apare in fundul pesterii printr-un sifon, isi continua cursul pe sub o scurgere stalagmita mare. Dupa ce trece de doua baraje de travertin iese din pestera sub numele de Ogasul Pesterii si se varsa in Valea Mare. Pornind de la intrare, dupa ce parcurgem o portiune a cursului subteran intalnim in partea stanga intrarea in Sala Scunda (o sala fosila, scunda si plina cu argila). Revenind la Galeria Activa, ne continuam drumul prin pestera pana la intrarea, tot pe partea stanga, in Galeria cu Guano (situata la un nivel superior la aproximativ 4 m inaltime) ce duce in Sala Coloanelor, cu numeroase stalagmite. Pe traiectul cursului subteran intalnim doua baraje de travertin.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: vizitarea este recomandata speologilor cu experienta, cu un echipament adecvat de speologie. Uneori, pentru parcurgerea pesterii (in special in prima sa parte) este nevoie de un neopren, datorita nivelului ridicat al apei datorat barajului construit la intrarea in pestera necesar captarii apei.
2. Pestera Gaura Haiduceasca
1. nume/sinonime: Gaura Turceasca
2. grad de dificultate: mediu
3. speleometrie: Lungime = 1370 m, Denivelare = - 60 m
4. localizare: pestera este situata in Rezervatia Valea Mare, pe traseul Ogasului Gaurii care o strabate de la un cap la altul. Alt. 540 m.
5. acces: Din orasul Moldova Noua se merge pe soseaua care duce spre Padina Matei si apoi spre Garnic. Confluenta cu Valea Mare este usor de reperat si este situata in dreapta drumului. La intrarea in aceasta vale exista o deschidere a vaii si a drumului unde se poate parca, parcarea nu este amenajata. Pe vale se poate merge pana in apropierea pesterii numai cu o masina de teren suprainaltata, datorita denivelarilor drumului si a bolovanilor. In caz contrar drumul este accesibil numai cu piciorul si dureaza aproximativ 1 h jumatate - 2 h. De la confluenta cu soseaua se incepe traseul la inceput cu o panta mai lina (trecand pe langa o cariera de calcar si mai apoi pe langa un mic lac de acumulare). Dupa lacul de acumulare marcajul se continua pe drumul forestier ce intra in padure, trece pe langa un izvor cu apa de baut (unde este amenajat si un mic loc de popas cu doua bancute si o masa din lemn) si urca mai apoi pana la Poiana Pesterii. Prin capatul din amonte al poienii se coboara la intrarea grandioasa ce reprezinta insurgenta pesterii.
6. istorie: este cunoscuta de locuitorii care isi au salasele in apropierea acesteia, dar cercetarea ei a fost facuta dupa 1960 de catre cercetatorii Institutului de Speologie din Bucuresti.
7. descriere: Pestera este mare si are o lungime de 714 m, din care 372 m sunt accesibili prin insurgenta si 342 m prin resurgenta. Pestera este activa, dezvoltata pe diaclaze. Intrarea din amonte este inalta de 10 m si larga de aproximativ 20 m. Sala din acest sector are peste 100 m lungime, o latime maxima de 60 m si aproximativ 25 m inaltime. Tavanul salii este sprijinit de un stalp masiv de calcar, care este despartit in doua de plafonul unei galerii superioare. Sala centrala este plina de blocuri de calcar de prabusire si prezinta numeroase diverticule unele materializate in salite, altele inaccesibile. Din Sala Mare paraul se pierde sub tavanul inecat la capatul acesteia si apare in fundul accesibil al resurgentei. In perioadele secetoase se poate face jonctiunea intre cele doua parti ale pesterii, insa pasajul de trecere este foarte scund si plin de bolovani, trecerea facandu-se numai prin tarare. Iesirea paraului din pestera se face printr-o deschidere mascata de copaci si mult mai mica decat cea a insurgentei.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: turisti (pentru sala mare, cu un minim de echipament si neaparat o lanterna sau o casca cu ecleraj), speologi experimentati (pentru restul pesterii, cu echipament adecvat de speologie). Nu se recomanda vizitarea pesterii in perioadele ploioase sau dupa astfel de perioade deoarece in subteran, nivelul apei creste foarte repede.
3. Pestera Gaura cu Musca
1. nume/sinonime: Pestera cu Muste, Pestera Coronini
2. grad de dificultate: mic pentru partea sa initiala uscata.
3. speleometrie: Lungime = 288 m, Denivelare = + 40 m
4. localizare: pestera este situata aval la 3 km de comuna Coronini, in versantul calcaros abrupt din apropierea stancii Babacai. Alt. abs. 92 m.
5. acces: 3 km aval de comuna Coronini pe DN 57? Unde se zareste intrarea pesterii. Din drum se urca o panta scurta pana la intrarea in pestera.
6. istorie: primele cercetari dateaza din anul 1900. In 1929, R. Jeannel o descrie sumar. Cercetarea intensiva a pesterii se face intre 1962 - 1969 de catre cercetatori ai Institutului de Speologie din Romania.
7. descriere: Pestera se deschide printr-o intrare inalta de 4,5 m si lata de 7 m. In dreapta intrarii se poate continua accesul in Galeria Uscata a pesterii trecand prin spartura unei fortificatii construite in perioada medievala. Intorcandu-ne in zona intrarii inaintam pe Galeria cu Apa. Aceasta galerie are in permanenta apa, insa debitul cursului subteran este variabil. Aceasta galerie este sapata intr-un sistem de diaclaze. La prima mare dorna, adanca de 70 cm, in partea stanga a Galeriei cu Apa deschide un portal de 8 m inaltime care marcheaza inceputul Salii Liliecilor ce se continua dupa un abrupt de 2 m cu Galeria Liliecilor care este joasa ca inaltime si care da mai deprte tot in galeria cu Apa. Lasand in urma punctul de intalnire al acestor doua galerii, inaintam pe cursul raului pana la o noua bifurcatie unde spre stanga Galeriei cu Apa se deschide Galeria cu Argila. Aceasta noua galerie este puternic concretionata si ascendenta mai ales in portiunea sa terminala. Continuand drumul pe Galeria cu Apa ajungem in portiunea sa finala unde exista o scurgere parietala inalta de 8 m de sub care apare cursul subteran de apa. Toate galeriile pesterii prezinta spectaculoase concretiuni de calcita.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: vizitarea se poate face tot cursul anului, cu echipament adecvat (cizme de cauciuc, salopeta, casca de protectie, lanterna), cu exceptia perioadelor de viitura.
4. Pestera din Valea Ceuca
1. nume/sinonime: -
2. grad de dificultate: mediu
3. speleometrie: Lungimea = 217 m, Denivelarea = + 20 m.
4. localizare: pestera este sapata la baza peretelui calcaros din fundul Vaii Ceuca, sub dolina Iasanoca. Alt. 315 m.
5. acces: la pestera se ajunge din localitatea Sfanta Elena. Dupa un drum de aproximativ 3 km prin fanete, drumul forestier coteste puternic dreapta unde intra apoi pe Valea Ceuca urmand poteca de pe firul vaii. Dupa aproximativ inca 3 km de la cotitura se ajunge la o bifurcatie de unde in partea stanga se continua pana la Podul Natural din valea ceuca, iar mai departe pe langa cursul raului pana in fundul de sac al vaii pana la dechiderea intrarii in pestera.
6. istorie: pestera desi cunoscuta localnicilor din localitatea Sfanta Elena, este cercetata abia dupa anul 1960.
7. descriere: Pestera are dimensiune medie, 132 m lungime, este activa si are un curs descendent (in sensul curgerii apei). Intrarea conduce printr-o galerie stramta si cotita cu inaltimi de 7 m. Pestera prezinta un planseu concretionat cu baraje stalagmitice. In partea mijlocie a pesterii multitudinea de mici galerii laterale confera un aspect labirintic. In capatul galeriei finale se gaseste un horn-diaclaza pe unde apa patrunde in pestera.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: vizitarea se poate face tot cursul anului, cu echipament adecvat (cizme de cauciuc, salopeta, casca de protectie, lanterna), cu exceptia perioadelor de viitura.
5. Pestera Cornii
1. nume/sinonime:
2. grad de dificultate: mediu
3. speleometrie: Lungimea = 121 m
4. localizare: Situata pe Valea Berzasca, deasupra sectorului de chei pe pe aceasta vale, la baza unui perete de dolina, la 1 h de urcus anevoios pornind din locul numit Chiacovat.
5. acces: Din localitatea Berzasca, inaintam pe Valea Berzasca pana ajungem in sectorul de chei al vaii. De acolo se urca pe o poteca din partea stanga a vaii (venind dinspre Berzasca), pana la o vale de doline. Gura pesterii Cornii se deschide in peretele primei doline. NU exista traseu marcat pana la ceasta pestera si este astfel dificil de gasit fara un ghid. Alt. 420 m.
6. istorie:
7. descriere: Pestera mijlocie (121 m dezvoltare) semiactiva, cu portiuni fosile si subfosile, cu un caracter descendent (in sensul de curgere a apei). Este saptata pe un sistem de diaclaze. Pornind de la intrarea de mari dimensiuni (10 m inaltime, 8 m latime) se ajunge intr-o galerie care este cel mai ades stramta si inalta de pana la 11 m, dar care prezinta si portiuni inguste si scunde. Din aceasta galerie principala se dechid in lateral doua galerii mici. In dreptul unui hor aflat in partea stanga a galeriei, apare apa paraului subteran care cade de la o inaltime de 12 m. La baza hornului, dupa cascada, paraul isi urmeaza cursul prin pestera, primeste un mic afluent (care ajunge in pestera tot printr-un horn situat in partea stanga a galeriei principale) si apoi formeaza inca doua cascade si doua dorne. Dupa ultima dorna paraul subteran dispare si apoi reapare in fundul galeriei pentru a disparea complet printr-un sifon.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: Este recomandata numai speologilor datorita traseului subteran si numai cu un echipament speologic adecvat. Nu se recomanda vizitarea pesterii in perioadele ploioase sau dupa topirea zapezilor, deoarece paraul extern patrunde in pestra prin dolina cu un debit marit, putand inunda galeria si existand riscul de viitura.
6. Pestera Zamonita
1. nume/sinonime: - .
2. grad de dificultate: mediu
3. speleometrie: Lungimea = 64 m
4. localizare: Pestera este sapata in versantul stang al Vaii Dragoselea, in Poiana Zamonita. Alt. 330 m.
5. acces: din DN? Din localitatea Cozla se continua drumul cu masina pana in satul Bigar. De acolose continua drumul peste Dealul Mosnic pana in Poiana Zamonita. O cale alternativa este pornind din localitatea Berzasca, pe Valea Berzasca pana la cantonul Debelilung si mai apoi pe Valea Dragosele pana in poiana.
6. istorie: pestera este cunoscuta locuitorilor din satul Bigar, cercetarea ei facandu-se numai dupa 1960 de catre cercetatorii Institutului de Speologie din Bucuresti.
7. descriere: Pestera este de marime mijlocie, 64 m pana in punctul final de acces. Pestera este activa, cu un caracter descendent. Pestera are o singura galerie activa, de dimensiuni mari, fiind puternic meandrata, cu nivele de eroziune impresionante. Inainte de finalul galeriei prabusite este o zona cu cruste parietale, un baldachin si numeroase gururi. Pestera are o inaltime de aproximativ 4 m si este usor cotita.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: vizitarea se poate face tot cursul anului, cu echipament adecvat (cizme de cauciuc, salopeta, casca de protectie, lanterna), cu exceptia perioadelor de viitura.
7. Pestera Gaura Ponicovei
1. nume/sinonime: Pestera gura Ponicovei, Pestera Ponicova, pestera de la Gura Apei, Pestera liliecilor.
2. grad de dificultate: mediu
3. speleometrie: Lungimea = 1666 m, Denivelare = - 60 m
4. localizare: Pestera este sapata in malul stang al Dunarii, in masivul muntos Ciucaru Mare. 5. acces: Intrarea principala cea mai accesibila in pestera este situata in Cheile Ponicovei unde se ajunge din DN? coborand pe langa podul de peste rau si continuand sa mergem pe vale pana intalnim intrarea in pestera. O alta intrare in pestera se afla l;a un nivel superior fata de prima dar este mult mai greu accesibila. Pestera prezinta o a treia intrare situata la nivelul actual al Dunarii, la care se ajunge numai inaintand cu barca pe Dunare.
6. istorie: Primele cercetari dateaza din 1872. R. Jeannel si Emil Racovita furnizeaza primele date despre fauna acestei pesteri. Incepand cu 1962 incep cercetarile extensive organizate de cercetatorii Institutului de Speologie din Bucuresti.
7. descriere: Pestera este compusa dintr-o seie de galerii care comunica intre ele, situate pe doua etaje. Etajul superior este fosil in intregime, iar etajul inferior este subfosil. Galeria Principala (Galeria Ponicovei) uneste intrarea de la nivelul inferior al paraului Ponicova ci intrarea de la nivelul Dunarii, si are o lungime de 400 m cu o denivelare de 36 m. Aceasta galerie atinge inaltimi de pana la 26 m. Aceasta galerie este puternic iluminata natural datorita celor doua deschideri de mari dimensiuni. Ogasul Ponicova parcurge temporar pestera avand un debit foarte variabil, in functie de nivelul viiturilor. Galeria Ponicovei comunica cu o mica sala laterala numita Sala Mica, in care sunt dezvoltate putine concretiuni. Din galeria Ponicovei dupa urcarea unei pante abrupte de 31 m se ajunge in Galeria Concretionata. Aceasta este un sistem fosil ascendent, format pe diaclaze intersectate. Planseul acestei galerii cat si a ramificatiilor acesteia, este acoperit de stalagmite si uneori acoperit de nisip, argila si calcita. In dreapta deschiderii dinspre Dunare, la 25 m mai sus, exista intrarea ce duce spre Galeria Liliecilor si Sala Mare. Acestea doua formeaza un sistem fosil, format pe diaclaze. Prin intrarea monumetala lumina patrunde adanc in interiorul galeriei inalta de 22 m care comunica cu Sala Mare lunga de 100 m, 32 m inaltime si 50 m latime. Din aceasta sala se continua spre Galeria Scarii (care continua Galeria Concretionata spre Galeria Ponicovei) si galeria cu Argila. Peretii si plafonul acestui sistem nu prezinta foarte multe concretiuni, in schim planseul sistemului prezinta o crusta stalagmitica, stalagmite izolate, domuri, coloane, gururi cat si numeroase blocuri mari de prabusire si bolovanis (care pot depasi 5 m grosime). In Galeria Liliecilor exista stalactite pendulante foarte alungite si subtiri. Din Sla Mare se poate trece in Galeria cu Argila, care are un caracter ascendet, este labirintica, fiind totodata scunda si ingusta si alterneaza cu salite mici.
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: Vizitarea se poate face tot cursul anului, cu o perioada optima intre mai si octombrie. Este necesar echipament adecvat (cizme de cauciuc, salopeta, casca de protectie, lanterna), cu exceptia perioadelor de viitura cand este posibil ca Galeria Ponicovei sa fie inundata total sau partial. Este de preferat ca in etajul superior accesul sa se faca in prezenta unui ghid obisnuit cu speologia avand in vedere gradul de dificultate al accesului in acest etaj.
8. Pestera Veterani
1. nume/sinonime: Pestera lui Veterani, Pestera Veteranilor (cea mai cunoscuta si cea mai des utilizata de localnici), Pestera din Panza Curii. Pestera Veterani isi are originea numelui dupa numele lui Veterani, cel care a fost aghiotantul lui Ianovici, comandantul armatei austriece cantonate la Caransebes si care a refortificat postera la sfarsitul sec. al XVII-lea.
2. grad de dificultate: mic
3. speleometrie: Lungimea = 87 m
4. localizare: pestera este sapata in malul stang al Dunarii, in Cazanele Mari, in masivul muntos Ciucaru Mare, la 500 m aval de Pestera de la Gura Ponicovei, sub peretele denumit Panza Curii. Alt. abs. 73 m.
5. acces: numai de pe Dunare, unde deschiderea sa este usor vizibila. Exista amenajat un mic ponton de acostare la baza peretelui de acces, de la care se urca o scurta panta abrupta pana la intrarea in pestera.
6. istorie: cercetarile arheologice efectuate in aceasta pestera au arat faptul ca aceasta pestera a fost cunoscuta oamenilor din timpuri preistorice. Ea a fost considerata sanctuarul zeului Zamolxe de catre daci, apoi a servit ca salas pentru animale pana la construirea darajului de la Portile de Fier. In pestera s-au construit fortificatii cuprinzand ziduri de piatra incepand cu sec. al XIII-lea, cunoscuta din documentele vremii sub numele de "Peth". La sfarsitul sec. al XVII-lea pestera a fost refortificata de oastea austraica din Caransebes, pestera reprezentand in acea vreme un punct de cantonare a 200 de ostenia austrieci. Avand in vedere importanta strategica a amplasarii pesterii ea a reprezentat in timp subiectul a numeroase dispute pentru cucerirea ei. A.F. Marsigli este primul care publica planul fortificatiei si descrierea pesterii sub numele acesteia de "Piscabara". Primele cercetari asupra pesterii dateaza din 1872. In 1929, A. Kubacka publica planul initial al pesterii asa cum a fost el intocmit de armata austriaca in 1692. Dupa 1962 incep si primele cercetari amanuntite ale pesterii din punct de vedere biospeologic si mai apoi geografic si arheologic.
7. descriere: Pestera este mijlocie, 64 m si este in intregime fosila si are un caracter usor ascendent. Pestera are o galerie scurta de acces, o sala mare (de 28 m latime si 37 m lungime, inalta de pana la 20 m). Sala este luminata direct printr-o fereastra. Exista o galerie vestica ascendenta dezvoltata pe diaclaze, la intrarea careia se afla un zid de fortificatie din piatra, partial distrus. In partea terminala a salii exista amenajata o fantana - "Fantana Turcului".
8. carstologie:
9. recomandari: vizitarea se poate face tot cursul anului, cu echipament adecvat (cizme de cauciuc, salopeta, casca de protectie, lanterna), insa accesul se face numai de pe Dunare. Perioada optima de vizitare este mai - octombrie.
Cavitati speoturistice
Defileul Dunarii - Romania
Buronov ponor
1. name/synonyms: Buronov ponor
2. degree of difficulty: The cave is not arranged for touristic visits. The first 400 m are passable without caving equipment, but due to low ceiling, it is necessary to crawl. After 400 m, it is necessary to use the rope and climb across giant blocks. In the deepest parts of the cave, there are several lakes which can be passed only by a boat, or in a diving suit.
3. speleometry: length 2925 m; denivelation -187 m, entrance at 270 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Golubinje, Strbac hamlet
5. access: From the regional road Donji Milanovac - Kladovo, one must turn right to the macadam road at the locality Bele Vode. The road is passable for most cars, but with possible difficulties due to inclination and/or gullies. It passes by the northern foothill of Cokica, and leads rather close to the cave (100-200 m).
6. history: Explorations organized by Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club (ASAK) from Belgrade have started in 1994 and continued in 1995 and 1996. The cavers from the Research Association "V.M.Manda" from Valjevo took part in these explorations as well. In 1996, the tooth of mammoth Mammuthus primigenius was found deep in the cave (determination was done by Prof. Dr. Vesna DimitrijeviC from the Faculty of Mining and Geology from Belgrade). During the explorations in the year 2001, the continuation of Mamutov kanal ("Mammoth Gallery") was found - further on from the lake Groblje brodova ("Ship cemetery"). In 2003, the passage Kanal sa jezerima ("Lake Gallery") was surveyed, together with the cavers from the Groupe Speleo Magnan from Nice, France.
7. description: The cave is a seasonally active ponor and has two entrances (the active one and the dry one), which join together in the passage Staza slonova ("Elephant walk"). This passage is about 400 m long, and mostly less than 1 m high, so it can be passed only by crawling. Further on, there is the Kanal sa kadama ("Rimstone Dams Gallery"), which is considerably higher and filled with collapsed blocks. This passage leads to the Collapse Chamber. By finding the way through the blocks, it is possible to descend (by rope) to the seasonally active passage Rio Negro. In the lowest parts of the cave, the passages lead to permanently active water course, which is the local groundwater level.
8. karstology: Buronov Ponor Cave is formed in Upper Jurassic limestones, which are characteristic of Mt.Miroc. Tectonic structures have a dominant north-south strike. Some parts of the cave, and especially the passage Rio Negro, have a very distinctive erosional morphology (cave rocky relief) - scallops, pendants, rocky protrusions. The passage Rio Negro owns its name to black colour of the walls, which is a consequence of thin manganese coatings (LjubojeviC et al. 2001). As opposed to this passage, the Mammoth Gallery abounds with speleothem - flowstone, rimstone dams, as well as stalactites and stalagmites.
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes in pieces of 20, 10, 10, 5, 40 metres, 10 carabiners with plates, 10 tapes with carabiners, rubber boat.
10. bibliography (in chronological order):
ZLOKOLICA-MANDIC, Milena; MANDIC, Mihajlo; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1996): Some significant caves at the western rim of the Miroc karst (Yugoslavia). Theoretical and Applied Karstology, vol. 9-1996 (publ. 1997); 77-88.
ZLOKOLICA-MANDIC, Milena; MANDIC, Mihajlo (1997): Buronov ponor. Zbornik 3. Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 245-253.
MANDIC, Mihajlo; PAVLOVIC, Radmila; LOZAJIC, Aleksandar; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1997): Speleological characteristics of the Miroc Mountain and their relation to the tectonic framework. Geology of Djerdap Area - Proceed. International symposium Geology in the Danube gorges, Belgrade - Bucharest; 117-120.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir; PACEVSKI, Aleksandar; CALIC-LJUBOJEVIC, Jelena (2001): On the genetic conditions of black manganese deposits from two caves of Eastern Serbia. Theoretical and Applied Karstology, vol. 13-14 (2000-2001) (publ. 2001); 75-79.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2001): Caves of Mt Miroc (Danube Gorge, Eastern Serbia). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Speleology, Brasilia.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2003): Pregled speleoloskih istraZivanja na Mirocu, Nacionalni park Derdap. Zbornik 4.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 109-115.
Ibrin ponor
1. name/synonyms: Ibrin ponor
2. degree of difficulty: The cave is not arranged for touristic visits. From the very beginning, it is necessary to use caving ropes.
3. speleometry: length 855 m, denivelation -239 m, entrance at 350 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Golubinje, between the hamlets of Kopana Glavica and Strbac
5. access: There are two alternatives for access. One is to arrive by car to the Buronov Ponor Cave (see the related instruction), then on foot across the hill Krak, and further on to the south for 1,5 km. Another option is to reach the hamlet Kopana Glavica by car (from the regional road Donji Milanovac-Kladovo, turn right in Malo Golubinje), then across the ridge Gredice, until the earth road is passable for the car. Further on, it is necessary to walk.
6. history: The explorations have started in 1991 (Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club - ASAK, Belgrade), when the cave was explored only to the depth of -150 m, due to the existence of impassable siphon. Only in 1996 the siphon dried out so that the exploration could carry on until the final depth of -239 m. Topographic survey was done in 1998.
7. description: Erosional morphology is the main characteristic of Ibrin Ponor Cave. The entrance part almost completely lacks mechanical sediments, which are present only in horizontal passages deeper in the cave. The final pit almost reaches the groundwater level, but it is choked with huge clayey accumulation which disables further progressing.
8. karstology: During wet seasons and snowmelt, considerable quantities of water sink to the Ibrin Ponor Cave. Due to lack of mechanical sediment in the upper pits and passages, the water stream reaches the remote parts of the cave. In such conditions, the siphon at -150 m is closed. Speleothem accumulations are rather rare, except the big flowstone along the pit P 50.
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes in pieces of 10, 35, 70, 30, 15, 10, 25, 40 metres, 10 carabiners with plates, 15 tapes with carabiners, several pitons and chokes.
10. bibliography (in chronological order):
ZLOKOLICA-MANDIC, Milena; MANDIC, Mihajlo; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1996): Some significant caves at the western rim of the Miroc karst (Yugoslavia). Theoretical and Applied Karstology, vol. 9-1996 (publ. 1997); 77-88.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2001): Caves of Mt Miroc (Danube Gorge, Eastern Serbia). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Speleology, Brasilia.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2003): Pregled speleoloskih istraZivanja na Mirocu, Nacionalni park Derdap. Zbornik 4.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 109-115.
Suvi ponor
1. name/synonyms: Suvi ponor, PeCina kod majstora
2. degree of difficulty: Only in the first few tens of metres, it is possible to enter the cave without caving ropes, but with some risk of falling into erosional pot full of water. In other parts of the cave, it is necessary to use caving techniques.
3. speleometry: length 930 m, denivelation -133 m, entrance at 370 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Golubinje, hamlet of Kopana Glavica
5. access: From the regional road Donji Milanovac-Kladovo, one should turn right in Malo Golubinje in the direction Kopana Glavica. From Kopana Glavica, the access to the cave is possible either along the ridge Gredice, or across Strainova Bara - by car until the earth road is in good condition, and the remaining part on foot.
6. history: During the 1980s, the upper parts of the cave were visited by members of Young Explorers Society from Kladovo. The bottom part was explored by the members of Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club (ASAK) from Belgrade, who also surveyed the entire cave during 1990 and 1991.
7. description: This seasonally active ponor hosts a number of water accumulations - either erosional pots or lakes which must be passed by traversing along the walls. Moreover, there are great quantities of both clastic sediments and speleothem. Downstream passage in the lower horizon ends in a hanging siphon, which would be very difficult to dive due to low ceiling and great quantities of sediments.
8. karstology: The cave is formed in Upper Jurassic limestones. The lower horizon is developed along a conspicuous tectonic structure striking 230º-50º. The stream flows from the south-west towards the north-east. In the Lateral passage in the upper horizon, there are interesting micro-forms that resemble boxwork, not only on the walls, but also on stalactites and columns (MandiC 2005).
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes in pieces of 10, 25, 15, 25, 30, 15, 20, 10, 12, 35 metres, 10 carabiners with plates, 20 tapes with carabiners, several pitons and chokes.
10. bibliography (in chronological order):
ZLOKOLICA-MANDIC, Milena; MANDIC, Mihajlo; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1996): Some significant caves at the western rim of the Miroc karst (Yugoslavia). Theoretical and Applied Karstology, vol. 9-1996 (publ. 1997); 77-88.
MANDIC, Mihajlo; PAVLOVIC, Radmila; LOZAJIC, Aleksandar; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1997): Speleological characteristics of the Miroc Mountain and their relation to the tectonic framework. Geology of Djerdap Area - Proceed. International symposium Geology in the Danube gorges, Belgrade - Bucharest; 117-120.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2001): Caves of Mt Miroc (Danube Gorge, Eastern Serbia). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Speleology, Brasilia.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2003): Pregled speleoloskih istraZivanja na Mirocu, Nacionalni park Derdap. Zbornik 4.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 109-115.
MANDIC, Mihajlo (2005): Modifikovanje speleotema u Suvom ponoru na Mirocu - korozija kondenzacionih voda ili nesto drugo? Zbornik 5.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 77-86
Nemacki ponor
1. name/synonyms: Nemacki ponor
2. degree of difficulty: The cave is not arranged for touristic visits, and usage of caving ropes is obligatory.
3. speleometry: length 3422 m, denivelation -210 m, entrance at 380 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Tekija and Petrovo Selo, hamlet of Planinica
5. access: There are two alternatives for access. One is from the regional road Donji Milanovac-Kladovo: after descent from Golo Brdo, one should turn right towards south-west to the old road through the valley of Suva Reka. An earth road passable only for 4x4 vehicles leads across the locality Dubasnica and the point 367, in the direction of Nemacki ponor. Another option is a good macadam road Kladovo-Petrovo Selo-Veliki Beljan, from which one should turn to the west at the locality Planinica. The cave is 1,5 km away from that place, but car accessibility depends on the quality of the road, which is probably rather bad.
6. history: During the 1980s, members of Young Explorers Society from Kladovo descended the great pit at the entrance to Nemacki ponor, and visited some segments of passages at the bottom of the vertical. During 1991 and 1992, the cave was explored and surveyed (at the length of 2525 m) by the members of Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club (ASAK) from Belgrade. During 1995, ASAK members have also found continuation of the main passage, but the exploration had to be stopped due to high concentration of CO2. Exploration and survey was carried out in several phases, depending on CO2 concentrations, and finished in 1996.
7. description: The entrance to the cave Nemacki ponor is a vertical pit (60 m deep on eastern rim, and 80 m on western rim). After the series of vertical pits leading to the depth of approximately 200 m, there is a horizontal passage of considerable length. The dimensions of cross-sections are huge as well. The bottom is covered by great quantities of clastic sediments. The passage Via Mali ponor, leading in the direction of Mali Ponor Cave (but unfortunately there is no passable connection) abounds in erosional rocky forms (anastomoses, pendants, rocky protrusions, etc.). The passage Via Pesteri ponor, leading towards the cave Pesteri Ponor, ends in a dry sump filled with sand. The main passage downstream ends in two siphons which are filled both with water and great quantity of sediments.
8. karstology: Nemacki Ponor is formed in Upper Jurassic limestones, which (in lowest part of the cave) contain also chert nodules. Although the general direction of passages is W-E, great portions of the Main Gallery are formed along the structures striking 230º-50º and 210º-30º (Via Pesteri ponor). Mechanical sediments of unknown depth are present along all the Main Gallery, while speleothem formations are relatively rare. Water from the cave probably drains toward the Pester Cave, which is now submerged by the Iron Gates accumulation. In 1896, Jovan CvijiC noticed the existence of allogenic schists in the Pester Cave, which are of the same kind as those found 100 years later in the Nemcki ponor.
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Generally, it is not recommended to visit the final portions of the cave during autumn season, due to high CO2 concentrations. In other parts of the year, it is necessary to pay particular attention to air quality in the Main Gallery, and in case of any breathing difficulties leave towards the entrance immediately. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes in pieces of 15, 75, 30, 40, 10 metres, 15 carabiners with plates, 15 tapes with carabiners, several pitons and chokes. There are rather old spits in the cave, so that must be taken into account as well.
10. bibliography (in chronological order):
MANDIC, Mihajlo; PAVLOVIC, Radmila; LOZAJIC, Aleksandar; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1997): Speleological characteristics of the Miroc Mountain and their relation to the tectonic framework. Geology of Djerdap Area - Proceed. International symposium Geology in the Danube gorges, Belgrade - Bucharest; 117-120.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2001): Caves of Mt Miroc (Danube Gorge, Eastern Serbia). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Speleology, Brasilia.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2003): Pregled speleoloskih istraZivanja na Mirocu, Nacionalni park Derdap. Zbornik 4.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 109-115.
Rakin ponor
1. name/synonyms: Rakin ponor
2. degree of difficulty: Visit to the cave Rakin Ponor is possible only with the equipment for vertical caving, because the pits start from the very beginning.
3. speleometry: length 684 m, denivelation -285 m, entrance at 380 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Golubinje, hamlet of Kopana Glavica
5. access: From the regional road Donji Milanovac-Kladovo, one should turn right in Malo Golubinje in the direction Kopana Glavica. From the school building in Kopana Glavica, an earth road leads towards the point 483 (about 1 km to the east from the school). The earth road is generally passable for cars, with possible difficulties because of mud. From the point 483, a road of lower level turns in south-eastern direction. It is passable either by 4x4 vehicle or on foot, at the length of about 1 km.
6. history: During the 1980s, the upper parts of Rakin Ponor were visited by members of Young Explorers Society from Kladovo. Members of the Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club (ASAK) from Belgrade explored the cave in 1990, and surveyed it in 1995, to the siphonal lake at -256 m. In the year 2000, speleo-divers from the Speleological Section of the Mountaineering Association of Belgrade dived in the siphonal lake down to 29 m, which deepened Rakin Ponor to -285 m.
7. description: In the upper parts of the cave the passages are relatively narrow, guided by remarkable fissures. At de depths between 50 and 100 m, conspicuous rocky pendants and anastomoses are developed along the bedding planes. Below that depth, collapse processes are very intense, and there are great quantities of big boulders. As approaching the deeper parts, the dimensions of passages gradually enlarge, which is particularly noticeable in the final phreatic passage of elliptical cross-section, which descends down to the siphonal lake.
8. karstology: Rakin Ponor is formed in Upper Jurassic limestones. It hosts relatively small quantities of clastic sediments, while the collapsed boulders are numerous in the central segment of the cave. The final phreatic passage is inclined at 50-60 degrees, and continues below the surface of the siphonal lake. It is obvious that the water level in the lake has risen due to formation of the Iron Gates artificial accumulation.
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes in pieces of 35, 35, 35, 20, 10, 30, 30, 30, 50, 50, 30, 15 metres, 30 carabiners with plates, 20 tapes with carabiners, several pitons and chokes.
10. bibliography (in chronological order):
ZLOKOLICA-MANDIC, Milena; MANDIC, Mihajlo; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1996): Some significant caves at the western rim of the Miroc karst (Yugoslavia). Theoretical and Applied Karstology, vol. 9-1996 (publ. 1997); 77-88.
MANDIC, Mihajlo; PAVLOVIC, Radmila; LOZAJIC, Aleksandar; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1997): Speleological characteristics of the Miroc Mountain and their relation to the tectonic framework. Geology of Djerdap Area - Proceed. International symposium Geology in the Danube gorges, Belgrade - Bucharest; 117-120.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2001): Caves of Mt Miroc (Danube Gorge, Eastern Serbia). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Speleology, Brasilia.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2003): Pregled speleoloskih istraZivanja na Mirocu, Nacionalni park Derdap. Zbornik 4.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 109-115.
Jama u Lanistu
1. name/synonyms: Jama u Lanistu
2. degree of difficulty: Visit to the cave Jama u Lanistu is possible only with the equipment for vertical caving, because the pits start from the very beginning.
3. speleometry: length 710 m, denivelation -272 m, entrance at 440 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Golubinje, hamlet of Kopana Glavica
5. access: From the regional road Donji Milanovac-Kladovo, one should turn right in Malo Golubinje in the direction Kopana Glavica. From the school building in Kopana Glavica, an earth road leads towards the point 483 (about 1 km to the east from the school). The earth road is generally passable for cars, with possible difficulties because of mud. From the point 483, one should go on foot about 300 m towards the north.
6. history: The cave was explored and surveyed by the members of the Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club in 1990.
7. description: Two entrance openings join in an entrance chamber with collapsed boulders. The passage continues through a series of cascades, the biggest of which is 30 m high. The cross-sections are mainly of fissure and meander type. In the upper parts of the cave, the width of passages rarely exceeds 1-2 m, while towards the bottom it enlarges gradually. At the bottom of the cave, the passage feeds into a much bigger passage which is a regional collector of groundwater from the whole area south of the cave.
8. karstology: Although being the ponor of a surface stream with relatively small drainage area, the cave Jama u Lanistu is characterized by big dimensions and powerful erosional process. Strong waterfall at the entrance is present only during intense rainfall or snowmelt, but in the lower parts of the cave many percolation waters feed into the main passage even in dryer parts of the year. The whole cave is in fact an affluent passage to the big groundwater collector developed along the tectonic structure striking 230º-50º (the same direction as the lower horizon of the Suvi Ponor, which is the next in the line of ponors along the western contact of the Miroc karst).
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes of total length about 300 m, out of which one piece should be 40 m, one 30m, and the rest in shorter pieces; 20 carabiners with plates, 20 tapes with carabiners, several pitons and chokes.
10. bibliography (in chronological order):
ZLOKOLICA-MANDIC, Milena; MANDIC, Mihajlo; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1996): Some significant caves at the western rim of the Miroc karst (Yugoslavia). Theoretical and Applied Karstology, vol. 9-1996 (publ. 1997); 77-88.
MANDIC, Mihajlo; PAVLOVIC, Radmila; LOZAJIC, Aleksandar; LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (1997): Speleological characteristics of the Miroc Mountain and their relation to the tectonic framework. Geology of Djerdap Area - Proceed. International symposium Geology in the Danube gorges, Belgrade - Bucharest; 117-120.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2001): Caves of Mt Miroc (Danube Gorge, Eastern Serbia). Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Speleology, Brasilia.
LJUBOJEVIC, Vladimir (2003): Pregled speleoloskih istraZivanja na Mirocu, Nacionalni park Derdap. Zbornik 4.Simpozijuma o zastiti karsta, Akademski speleolosko-alpinisticki klub; 109-115.
Fufa
1. name/synonyms: Fufa, Omanska peCina
2. degree of difficulty: Fufa Cave is not arranged for touristic visits. The first 120 m can be passed relatively easily without the caving equipment (only the light), while the visit to other parts of the cave is possible only with caving ropes.
3. speleometry: length 662 m, denivelation -140 m, entrance at 685 m a.s.l.
4. localisation: Vlaole
5. access: It is possible to reach the village of Vlaole either by car or by railway between Kucevo and Bor. Further from Vlaole, the access is by 4x4 vehicle in north-eastern direction, towards the peak Gavran and locality VoinoviCa Kulmea (point 734). To the east of this locality, there is a short stream flowing towards the south, and sinking after 300 m into the Fufa Cave. The cave is situated on the land of the FufuloviC family.
6. history: At the end of the 1970s, the first section of the cave (120 m) was explored by the Research Association "V.M.Manda" from Valjevo and Institute of Forestry from Belgrade. The first descent to the bottom of the cave was carried out by the cavers from Bor, at the beginning of the 1980s. Topographical survey was done in 1991, by the members of the Student Speleologic and Alpinistic Club (ASAK) from Belgrade.
7. description: Entrance part of the cave (120 m long) consists of several interconnected chambers, formed by collapse processes. This part of the cave abounds in speleothem. Continuation of the cave is characterized by a canyon-like cross-section, meandering in several cascades of about 20 m height. Passable part of the cave ends in a 30 m pit, whose bottom is filled with clastic sediments.
8. karstology: Permanent stream with relatively small drainage area is flowing through the cave. The main passage is very deep and rather narrow, which points to fast entrenching of the stream. Fufa Cave is the northernmost in a line of ponors which drain surface waters south-east from the peak Garvan.
9. recommendations: It is recommended to visit the cave in dry season, when there is no snowmelt or abundant precipitation. Some parts of the cave can be passed only by crawling through low passages with a water stream. Necessary equipment (approximately): caving ropes in pieces of 20, 20, 20, 20 and 35 metres, 15 carabiners with plates, 10 tapes with carabiners, several pitons and chokes.
10. bibliography:
LAZAREVIC, Radenko (1998): Kras Dubasnice, Gornjana i Majdanpeka - peCine, jame, kraska hidrografija. Srpsko geografsko drustvo, Turisticka organizacija Bor, JP "Stampa, radio i film" Bor, Drustvo mladih istraZivaca Bor.
1. name/synonims
2. degree of dificulty: access to the cave and access in the cave; arranged cave, natural cavity easy to traverse/natural cavity hard to traverse
3. speleometry: length, denivelations, etc.
4. localisation: the nearest locality
5. access: description of the access way from the nearest locality (road category), reper points; car acceess or not
6. history: of description and explorations
7. description: main way, special objective to be seen, characteristics of the underground landscape
8. karstology: petrography, tectonic, accumulation and sedimentation forms
9. recommandations: optimal period of the year to be visited the cave, neccesaryy equipment
10. bibliography: published papers (if you consider neccesary)
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